Several analytic techniques have been proposed for analyzing the velocity waveform. The Doppler frequency shift represents temporal changes in peak velocities of blood cells movement during particular cardiac cycle. From a total of 85 sedentary subjects, 49 of them are men. The normohemodynamics of carotid artery and other parameters are determined in healthy sedentary subjects to rule out the effects that exercise may have on the dependent variables. But, the findings do fill important literature gap in correlation between gender-related differences with hemodynamic variables. This section does not focus on hemodynamic disorders, aging, and response to exercise or during exercise. In hemodynamics studies, abnormality of blood flow can be detected from Doppler waveforms, vascular structure and function may be identified through various quantitative measurements made. Furthermore, the blood flow velocity also useful for comparing the effect of fat compositions in gender differences as presented in Section 4. The extent to which body size including body height and weight have influenced on blood velocities in carotid artery is described in Section 3. Secondly, comparison of carotid flow velocity and other parameters at resting posture in gender are introduced. Firstly, this chapter presents about characteristic profile of carotid flow velocities in an attempt to extend the fundamental understanding of arterial hemodynamic functions in gender differences. have developed a Doppler measurement system to evaluate flow velocity functions in common carotid artery with synchronized monitoring of blood pressure (BP) and electrocardiogram (ECG). SBP and pulse pressure) and arterial wave reflections are associated to smaller body height of women. It is widely reported that gender differences in blood pressures (i.e. Gender-related differences in systolic blood pressure (SBP) are reported in previous studies. An approach to understand this disparity is to evaluate the underlying changes in hemodynamic functions and discover the relationship between the gender differences and cardiovascular disease risk. Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death for both women and men, but there are crucial gender-related differences in the prevalence and burden of cardiovascular disease. Gender influences the arterial hemodynamic functions. However, the use of blood flow in clinical application is limited and development of blood flow is prevailing rather than blood flow. Doppler ultrasound has potential to serve as a non-invasive method for detecting and quantifying blood flow functions in cardiovascular diseases. A significant blood flow disruption as seen in cardiovascular diseases and disorders is related to hemodynamic dysfunction. Hemodynamic is dealing with blood flow and forces concerned therein to circulate blood through the cardiovascular system. These data may useful to effective prevention and management of cardiovascular disease by considering the gender-difference. The predictors for modulating blood flow velocities were not only limited to age, but also influenced by several body compositions that largely accounted for the gender-related differences including visceral fat, muscle mass and total body fat. Carotid blood flow velocities are largely accounted for not only body height but also body weight. Body height has influenced on systolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, wave reflection, pulse wave velocity in carotid artery. Gender-related differences in body size has influenced on arterial hemodynamics in carotid artery.
Comparison of both synchronized carotid blood flow velocity and blood pressures at normodynamics state are introduced to contribute to targeted therapeutic goal based on gender. This chapter presents about characteristic profile of carotid flow velocities to extend the fundamental understanding of arterial hemodynamic functions in gender differences. Understanding of gender-related differences in blood flow and pressure is crucial in the prevalence and burden of cardiovascular disease.
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